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Overview of telecommunications in the People's Commonwealth of China

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The People's Commonwealth of China possesses a diversified communications system that links all parts of the land by Internet, telephone, telegraph, radio, and television. The land is served by an extensive arrangement of automatic phone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite organization; cellular telephone service is widely bachelor, expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to strange countries. Fiber to the x infrastructure has been expanded rapidly in recent years.

History [edit]

When the People'southward Republic was founded in 1949, the telecommunication systems and facilities in China commencement established by the Qing and Republican ITA and Ministry building of Posts and Communications had been seriously damaged from over 30 years of on and off state of war between warlords, Nihon, and the two sides of the Chinese Ceremonious War. What footling remained was largely outdated and rudimentary and limited to the eastern coastal cities, the Nanjing-Shanghai region, and a few interior cities. In the 1950s existing facilities were repaired, and, with Soviet assistance, considerable progress was made toward establishing a long-distance telephone wire network connecting Beijing to provincial-level capitals.

Communications in China were established rapidly in the early on 1950s. By 1952 the primary telecommunications network centered on Beijing, and links to all large cities had finally been established. Piece of work quickly got nether way to repair, renovate and aggrandize the system, and from 1956 telecommunications routes were extended more apace. To increment the efficiency of the communications system, the same lines were used for both telegraphic and telephone service, while Teletype and television (broadcasting) services were also added.

In addition, conference phone service was initiated, radio communications were improved, and the product of telecommunications equipment was accelerated. Growth in telecommunications halted with the full general economical collapse afterwards the Bully Leap Forward (1958–threescore) simply revived in the 1960s after the telephone network was expanded and improved equipment was introduced, including imports of Western plants and equipment.

By 1963 telephone wire had been laid from Beijing to the capitals of all provinces, autonomous regions, and large cities, while in plow, provincial capitals and autonomous regions were connected to the administrative seats of the counties, smaller municipalities and larger market towns.

In the years immediately following 1949, telecommunications — by telegraph or telephone — mainly used wire; by the 1970s, however, radio telecommunications equipment were increasingly used and began to supplant wire lines. Microwave and satellite transmissions were soon introduced and have now become common. (Red china launched its offset television-circulate satellite in 1986.) In 1956 the first automatic speed Teletype was installed on the Beijing-Lhasa line. By 1964 such machines had been installed in most of Communist china'southward major cities. Radio-television service also was installed in major cities, and radio teleprinters became widely used.

An important component of the 4th Five-Year Plan (1971–75) was a major evolution program for the telecommunication arrangement. The program allotted tiptop priority to scarce electronics and construction resources and dramatically improved all aspects of China's telecommunications capabilities.

Microwave radio relay lines and buried cable lines were synthetic to create a network of wideband carrier trunk lines, which covered the unabridged country. Red china was linked to the international telecommunications network by the installation of communications satellite footing stations and the construction of coaxial cables linking Guangdong Province with Hong Kong and Macau. Provincial-level units and municipalities chop-chop expanded local telephone and wire dissemination networks. Expansion and modernization of the telecommunications system continued throughout the tardily-1970s and early on 1980s, giving item emphasis to the product of radio and idiot box sets and expanded broadcasting capabilities.

Marked improvements occurred by the mid-1980s with an influx of foreign technology and increased domestic production capabilities. International and long-distance telephone links past cable and satellite of high quality multiplied. Telegraph, facsimile, and telex were all in utilise. International satellite footing stations in Beijing and Shanghai were built and a domestic satellite communication network was operational in 1986. Over 160 radio stations existed by the mid-1980s, and transistorized radio receivers were mutual. A vast wired broadcasting system included over ii,600 stations carrying radio transmissions into all rural units and many urban areas. The boob tube arrangement grew rapidly in 1980s, with 90 television stations and fourscore million sets by 1987.

By 1987 China possessed a diversified telecommunications organisation that linked all parts of the land by telephone, telegraph, radio, and television. None of the telecommunications forms were as prevalent or as advanced as those in modernistic Western countries, only the system included some of the about sophisticated engineering science in the world and constituted a foundation for further development of a modernistic network.

Overall, China'southward telecommunication services improved enormously during the 1980s, and, the pace of telecommunication growth and technology upgrading increased even more than rapidly subsequently 1990, especially as fiber-optic systems and digital engineering were installed. Later on 1997, China'due south telecommunications services were enhanced further with the acquisition of Hong Kong's highly avant-garde systems. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, foreign investment in the country's telecommunications sector farther encouraged growth. Notable has been the tremendous increment in Cyberspace and cellular phone usage. China became the world leader in the early on 21st century, in terms of number of cell phone subscribers. The nation ranks first in the earth in numbers of both mobile and fixed-line telephones, and first in the number of internet users.

Experts merits that 'although the number of cellular phones has grown enormously, surpassing that for standard (i.e., landline) telephones in 2003, the overall ratio of phones per capita had, by 2004, remained much smaller than it was for the adult countries.^[1]'.^{[ needs update ]}

China is the largest user of largest Voice calling over the Internet or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services with 51 million Tom-Skype users every bit of November 2007.^[2]

History of telecommunications services [edit]

In 1987 the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (at present the Ministry building of Data Industry) administered Red china's telecommunications systems and related research and product facilities. Besides postal services, some of which were handled past electronic ways, the ministry was involved in a wide spectrum of telephone, wire, telegraph, and international communications (see Stamp stamps and postal history of the People'due south Republic of Cathay). The Ministry of Radio and Television was established as a separate entity in 1982 to administer and upgrade the status of television and radio broadcasting. Subordinate to this ministry were the Central People'south Broadcasting Station, Radio Beijing, and China Central Television. Additionally, the various dissemination grooming, talent-search, research, publishing, and manufacturing organizations were brought under the command of the Ministry of Radio and Tv. In 1986 responsibleness for the picture show manufacture was transferred from the Ministry building of Culture to the new Ministry building of Radio, Picture palace, and Television.

As of 1987 the quality of telecommunications services in China had improved markedly over before years. A considerable influx of foreign engineering and increased domestic production capabilities had a major impact in the mail-Mao menses.

The chief class of telecommunication in the 1980s was local and long-altitude telephone service administered by vi regional bureaus: Beijing (northward region), Shanghai (east region), Xi'an (northwest region), Chengdu (southwest region), Wuhan (centralsouth region), and Shenyang (northeast region). These regional headquarters served as switching centers for provincial-level subsystems. By 1986 Cathay had well-nigh 3 million telephone exchange lines, including 34,000 long-distance exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities. By late 1986 fiber optic communications engineering was existence employed to relieve the strain on existing telephone circuits. International service was routed through overseas exchanges located in Beijing and Shanghai. Guangdong Province had coaxial cable and microwave lines linking it to Hong Kong and Macau.

The large, continuously upgraded satellite ground stations, originally installed in 1972 to provide live coverage of the visits to China by U.S. president Richard M. Nixon and Japanese prime government minister Kakuei Tanaka, still served every bit the base of operations for Mainland china's international satellite communications network in the mid-1980s. By 1977 China had joined Intelsat and, using ground stations in Beijing and Shanghai, had linked up with satellites over the Indian and Pacific oceans.

In April 1984 People's republic of china launched an experimental communications satellite for trial transmission of broadcasts, telegrams, phone calls, and facsimile, probably to remote areas of the country. In February 1986 China launched its first fully operational telecommunication and broadcast satellite. The quality and communications capacity of the second satellite reportedly was much greater than the first. In mid-1987 both satellites were still functioning. With these satellites in place Communist china's domestic satellite communication network went into operation, facilitating idiot box and radio transmissions and providing direct-dial longdistance phone, telegraph, and facsimile service. The network had ground stations in Beijing, Urumqi, Hohhot, Lhasa, and Guangzhou, which also were linked to an Intelsat satellite over the Indian Body of water.

Telegraph development received lower priority than the telephone network largely because of the difficulties involved in transmitting the written Chinese language. Computer engineering science gradually alleviated these problems and facilitated further growth in this surface area. Past 1983 People's republic of china had near 10,000 telegraph cables and telex lines transmitting over 170 million messages annually. Most telegrams were transmitted by cables or past shortwave radio. Cutmicrowave transmission also was used. Teletype transmission was used for letters at the international level, just some 40 percentage of county and municipal telegrams were transmitted past Morse lawmaking.

Autonomously from traditional telegraph and telephone services, Communist china likewise had facsimile, low-speed information-transmission, and computer-controlled telecommunications services. These included on-line data retrieval terminals in Beijing, Changsha, and Baotou that enabled international telecommunications networks to retrieve news and scientific, technical, economic, and cultural information from international sources.

High-speed paper-folio-facsimile equipment and Chinese graphic symbol – code translation equipment were used on a large scale. Sixty-four-channel plan-controlled automatic message retransmission equipment and depression- or medium-speed data transmission and substitution equipment as well received extensive use. International telex service was available in coastal cities and special economic zones.

The Central People'south Dissemination Station controlled Communist china's national radio network. Programming was administered by the provincial-level units. The station produced general news and cultural and educational programs. Information technology also provided programs directed toward Taiwan and overseas Chinese listeners. Radio Beijing broadcast to the world in xxx-eight foreign languages, Standard Mandarin, and a number of Chinese varieties, including Xiamen, Cantonese, and Hakka. It also provided English language-language news programs aimed at strange residents in Beijing. Medium-wave, shortwave, and FM stations reached 80 pct of the country — over 160 radio stations and 500 relay and transmission stations — with some 240 radio programs.

The nationwide network of wire lines and loudspeakers transmitted radio programs into virtually all rural communities and many urban areas. Past 1984 there were over 2,600 wired broadcasting stations, extending radio transmissions to rural areas outside the range of regular dissemination stations.

In 1987 China Central Goggle box (CCTV), the state network, managed China's television programs. In 1985 consumers purchased fifteen million new sets, including approximately 4 million color sets. Product vicious far short of demand. Because Chinese viewers often gathered in large groups to spotter publicly owned sets, authorities estimated that ii-thirds of the nation had admission to idiot box. In 1987 there were near 70 one thousand thousand television sets, an boilerplate of 29 sets per 100 families. CCTV had 4 channels that supplied programs to the over xc television stations throughout the country. Construction began on a major new CCTV studio in Beijing in 1985. CCTV produced its ain programs, a big portion of which were educational, and the Television University in Beijing produced 3 educational programs weekly. The English-language lesson was the nearly popular program and had an estimated 5 to six 1000000 viewers. Other programs included daily news, entertainment, teleplays, and special programs. Foreign programs included films and cartoons. Chinese viewers were particularly interested in watching international news, sports, and drama (see Civilization of the Red china).

Recent development [edit]

The quondam telecoms regulator – the Ministry building of Information Industry (MII) – reported in 2004 that China had 295 1000000 subscribers to main phone lines and 305 one thousand thousand cellular telephone subscribers, the highest numbers in both categories. Both categories showed substantial increases over the previous decade; in 1995 there were simply iii.vi million cellular telephone subscribers and around twenty million master-line telephone subscribers. By 2003 there were 42 telephones per 100 population.

Net use as well has soared in China from about sixty,000 Internet users in 1995 to 22.five million users in 2000; past 2005 the number had reached 103 million. Although this effigy is well beneath the 159 meg users in the United States and although fairly low per capita, it was second in the world and on a par with Nihon'south 57 one thousand thousand users.

By the June 2010, Prc had 420 million cyberspace users. Incidentally, this is greater than the population of the Usa, however penetration charge per unit is all the same relatively low at just under 32%.^[3] See Cyberspace in the People's Republic of Cathay

Cathay's 2.7 million kilometers of optical fiber telecommunications cables by 2003 assisted greatly in the modernization process. China produces an increasing volume of televisions both for domestic utilise and consign, which has helped to spread communications development. In 2001 Red china produced more than 46 million televisions and claimed 317 million sets in utilize. At the same time, there were 417 million radios in use in China, a rate of 342 per ane,000 population. Even so, many more are reached, particularly in rural areas, via loudspeaker broadcasts of radio programs that bring transmissions to large numbers of radioless households.

In March 2012, the Ministry of Industry and Information Engineering announced that Prc has 1.01 billion mobile telephone subscribers; of these, 144 million are connected to 3G networks.^{[4] [5] [6]} At the same time, the number of landline phones dropped by 828,000 within the span of two months to a total of 284.3 million.^[iv]

Regulation [edit]

The main regulator of communications, in detail telecommunications, in China is the Ministry of Industry and Information Applied science (MIIT). Information technology closely regulates all of the industries outlined below with the exception of the radio and television sectors, which belong to the remit of the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television.

Since 2014, the Cyberspace Administration of China is responsible for setting policy and the regulatory framework for user content generated in online social activities on Net portals.

Sectors [edit]

Telephone [edit]

• Telephones – principal lines in use: 284.iii million (March 2012)^[4]
• Telephones – mobile cellular subscribers: 1.01 billion (March 2012)^[4]
• Telephone country lawmaking: 86 (see Phone numbers in China)

China imported its first mobile phone telecommunication facilities in 1987 and it took a decade for the number of subscribers to reach 10 million. Four years afterward, in 2001, the country had the largest number of mobile phone subscribers in the earth.

Domestic and international services are increasingly available for private employ. But an unevenly distributed domestic organization serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns. China continues to develop its telecommunication infrastructure, and is partnering with foreign providers to expand its global achieve; 3 of Mainland china'due south vi major telecommunications operators are part of an international consortium which, in December 2006, signed an agreement with Verizon Business to build the outset side by side-generation optical cable system directly linking the Usa and China.

In December 2005, its combined main lines and mobile lines exceeded 743 million.

By the stop of Baronial 2006, statistics from the Ministry of Information Industry showed that at that place were more than 437 million mobile phone users in the Chinese mainland, or 327 mobile phones per 1,000 population. The combined primary lines and mobile lines is expected to hit 976 million by 2008.^[7]

From Jan to Baronial 2006, mobile telephone users on the mainland sent 273.67 million text messages.^[8]

On boilerplate, People's republic of china's mobile subscribers increased^{[ when? ]} by 4.78 1000000 each month.^{[ citation needed ]}

Domestic interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed.^{[ citation needed ]}

A domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations was^{[ when? ]} in place.^{[ citation needed ]}

International satellite earth stations include 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and ane Indian Ocean), i Intersputnik (Indian Bounding main region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions).

Several international fiber-optic links include those to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Fixed and mobile operators in China include People's republic of china Mobile, China Netcom, China TieTong, China Satcom (old), China Telecom and China Unicom.

Radio [edit]

• Radio circulate stations: AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998)
• Radios: 428 million [33 per 100 persons] (2000)

Television [edit]

• Television companies: 358 (2008)
• Telly broadcast stations: 3,240 (of which 209 are operated by Mainland china Primal Television, 31 are provincial Idiot box stations and almost three,000 are local city stations) (1997)
• Televisions: 493.xc million [38 per 100 persons] (2016)

Internet [edit]

• Internet country code: .cn
• Internet hosts: xiii.57 one thousand thousand (2008)
• Cyberspace service providers (ISP): iii (2000)
• Cyberspace users: 513 meg (Dec 2011)^[iii]
• Broadband Cyberspace users: 363.81 million (June 2010)
• Personal computers: 52,990,000 units [4 per 100 persons] (2004)
• Hosting 29% of the globally installed bandwidth capacity in 2014 (run into Effigy)

China was the global leader in terms of installed bandwidth capacity in 2014 ^[9]

In 2014 just iii countries (China, US, Nihon) host fifty% of the globally installed telecommunication bandwidth potential. China replaced the U.S. in its global leadership in terms of installed bandwidth in 2011. By 2014, China hosts more than twice as much national bandwidth potential than the U.S., the historical leader in terms of installed telecommunication bandwidth (29% versus thirteen% of the global full) (see pie charts).^[ix]

China's number of Internet users or netizens topped 137 million by the finish of 2006,^[ten] an increase of 23.4% from a year earlier and 162 million past June 2007, making Cathay the second largest Net user after the United States. The latest figure (December 2011) have China'southward internet users exceeding 513 million making it the largest cyberspace user in the world.^[11]

Equally of 2004, the largest concentration of Internet users were from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong and Hubei provinces. Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin also had a high concentration of Internet users, with 28% of Beijing's population having admission to the Internet.

Every bit of 31 December 2005, there were an estimated 37,504,000 broadband lines in China.^[12] Information technology represented nearly a world share of 18%. Over lxx% of the broadband lines were via DSL and the residual via cable modems.

According to the Communist china Internet Network Data Centre (CNNIC), by June 2006, Communist china'due south broadband users had reached 77 1000000 or about two-thirds of the total online population, up 45% from a year ago. By June 2007 China'due south broadband users had reached 122 1000000. The number of websites had also risen by more than than 110,000 to a total of 788,400.

Equally of 2007, ITU data puts China's broadband speed at 1Mbit/south. China is fast becoming the world'southward largest broadband economy. It is laying quite a lot of fiber which is a less disruptive selection in Red china considering of the corporeality of new building work existence done. It has 14 million fiber lines, compared to 9.6 1000000 in Nippon, i.7m in the Us and only a few k in the United kingdom but it does not generate the same speeds as in other Asian countries because the fiber tends to feed into flat blocks rather than individual homes.

At that place exists a wide gap between Net utilize in cities and rural areas, as statistics show. The national average internet penetration rate is still merely 31.eight% (June 2010). At the finish of June 2007 there were 37.41 million netizens in the rural areas, making up but 5.ane percent of the rural population and around 125 million netizens living in the urban areas, making up 21.6 percent of the urban population, according to the National Evolution and Reform Commission (NDRC).^[xiii] The CNNIC survey showed 82.3 per cent of people using the Cyberspace in Communist china were beneath 35 years erstwhile and well-nigh forty per cent of the netizens were anile eighteen to 24. QQ is the most popular form of instant messaging on the Internet in China.

By 2021, China was planning to field a satellite cyberspace constellation to provide domestic Red china satellite internet to rural areas that can exist regulated past the Chinese government.^[fourteen] Beginning in 2019, U.s. (SpaceX Starlink)^[15] and UK (OneWeb, 2020^{[sixteen] [17]} private companies had begun fielding internet satellite constellations with global coverage; all the same People's republic of china does not intend to license non-Chinese technical solutions for utilise in the realm of Chinese constabulary.^[18]

Mobile telephone web users [edit]

The number of mobile phone web users in China was 73.05 million past June 2008, making up about 30% of Prc'south 253 one thousand thousand net users.

Chinese mobile phone users admission the Internet mainly via WAP (Wireless Application Protocol). Numbers of active WAP users and WAP sites with contained domain names amounted to 39 million and 65,000 respectively by March 2007.

It is expected that in 2008 there will be 230 one thousand thousand WAP users in China with a total market valued at RMB 22 billion.

Trans-Pacific Limited [edit]

The Trans-Pacific Limited is a telecommunication project to connect the United States with China with a fiber-optic cable that is designed to encounter increasing internet traffic betwixt the regions, with 60 times more chapters than existing cables.^[19] Information technology is to be the starting time undersea or submarine telecommunications cablevision that directly links the US with Prc and the offset independent trans-Pacific connection. Current cable links between China and the Usa run through Japan.^[20]

The project includes US Verizon Communications, Chinese firms China Telecom, Prc Netcom and China Unicom, South korea's Korea Telecom and Taiwan'southward Chunghwa Telecom. The project was initiated in December 2006. Work began in mid-Oct 2007 in Qingdao. Information technology was scheduled to exist completed by July 2008 (before the Beijing Olympics).^[21]

Earthquake hotspots have been avoided in the planned route of the cable to avoid potential disruption to internet and telephone networks in Asia. The cable will extend more than 18,000 km and will cost near $500m. It will cease in Nedonna Beach, Oregon with connections to Taiwan and South Korea. When consummate, the new cable volition be able to support the equivalent of 62 one thousand thousand simultaneous phone calls, with the pattern capacity to support future internet growth and advanced applications such equally video and eastward-commerce.^[22]

Run across also [edit]

• Internationalized domain name (IDN.IDN) for not-ASCII characters
• Chinese telegraph code
• Digital split up in Cathay
• CERNET (China Education and Research Network)
• Media in China and its history
• Electronics industry in China
• Postal system in Mainland china
• China Software Industry Association
• Mobile phone manufacture in Cathay
• EUChinaGRID
• Cyberspace censorship in the People'south Republic of Cathay
• List of telephone operating companies

References [edit]

1. ^ Eric Harwit. Spreading Telecommunications to Developing Areas in Cathay: Telephones, the Net and the Digital Separate Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Cathay Quarterly (2004), 180: 1010–1030 Cambridge University Press. doi:x.1017/S0305741004000724
2. ^ "Interfax-Mainland china". Archived from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
3. ^ ^{a b} "China Internet population hits 420m". China Daily . Retrieved 18 July 2010.
4. ^ ^{a b c d} Donald Melanson, 30 March 2012, Communist china officially tops ane billion mobile subscribers, Engadget
5. ^ 2012-03-30, China mobile phone users exceed 1 billion, People's republic of china Daily
6. ^ 30 March 2012, China's mobile phone subscriptions top a billion Archived xix June 2012 at the Wayback Motorcar, AFP
7. ^ "Chinadaily – English".
8. ^ "Xinhua – English language".
9. ^ ^{a b} "The bad news is that the digital access dissever is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014" ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]} , Martin Hilbert (2016), Telecommunications Policy; gratis access to the article http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp4w5rq
10. ^ Internet users to log in at world No.1 ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
11. ^ e-west-connect.com https://spider web.annal.org/web/20120120050319/http://www.east-westward-connect.com/chinese-net-user-demographics-jan-2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012.
12. ^ "Register for free information from Bespeak-Topic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2006.
13. ^ "Internet spreading in Communist china'south rural areas".
14. ^ Jones, Andrew (27 July 2021). "Chinese rocket company Space Pioneer secures major funding alee of starting time launch". SpaceNews . Retrieved 27 July 2021.
15. ^ "Successful launch continues deployment of SpaceX's Starlink network". Spaceflight Now. 11 Nov 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
16. ^ Wattles, Jackie. "The race for infinite-based broadband: OneWeb launches 34 more net satellites". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved 7 Feb 2020.
17. ^ Henry, Caleb (21 March 2020). "Soyuz launches 34 OneWeb satellites". spacenews.com. SpaceNews. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
18. ^ "Elon Musk's visitor SpaceX applies to offer loftier-speed Net service to Canadians". CBC News. 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 Nov 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
19. ^ "Study: China starts work on first direct undersea cablevision to United states".
20. ^ Trans-Pacific Express bargain signed for Us-China cable Archived vi Baronial 2009 at the Wayback Motorcar 19 Dec 2006
21. ^ Trans-Pacific Express cablevision set up in 2008 Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine 1 June 2006
22. ^ Carriers Plan New Terabit Capacity Trans-Pacific Express Optical Cable Archived 27 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . China: A country study. Federal Research Division.

External links [edit]

• Ministry building of Information Industry Archived 6 June 2019 at the Wayback Car at gov.cn
• Prc Academy of Telecommunication Research Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback Motorcar
• Prc Statistical Data Net

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China

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